In 2016, the Manitoba Water Services Board issued a request for a THM pilot study to assess whether available technologies could mitigate THM formation in their Plumas Tank which was roughly 100,000 gallons in volume. PSI Water Technologies was selected to perform the one-year pilot test to strip THMs from the Plumas tank.
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Municipalities using chloramination as a disinfectant strategy face significant challenges such as nitrification and taste and odor issues. Many water utilities have turned to Monoclor® RCS systems to solve problems with their disinfectant residual as highlighted in a recent issue of Water & Wastes Digest.
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Aqua PA has significant experience using chloramine chemistry as a means to mitigate THM formation in its many distribution systems. In 2015, the utility selected its perennially troublesome 10-mil-gal Hillside Tank to run a demonstration on automated residual control system.
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San Jose has faced unprecedented challenges due to the CA drought, including a reduced water supply and an increase in THM levels. Managers at San Jose Water wanted to eliminate the risk of a future operational exceedance in the summer of 2014—when THM levels were expected to be highest, and decided to look into in-tank aeration.
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For any drinking water utility using chloramine disinfection, nitrification is a serious concern. The most important steps utilities can take to manage nitrification are to thoroughly understand their systems’ chloramine chemistry, establish an effective monitoring strategy, and deploy multiple preventive strategies holistically throughout their distribution systems.
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A typically cold climate, the town of Atwater, Minnesota was no stranger to polar conditions. Formation of ice inside the city’s 100,000 gallon elevated tank frequently plugged the riser pipe, disabling flow and causing potential for serious damage to the steel tank. Anticipating a major storm, a PAX Mixer was installed to actively mix the water to prevent ice formation. During the record-breaking polar vortex storm, Atwater experienced more than a week of average temperatures below 0 degrees with extreme wind chill conditions, but after the addition of a PAX Mixer, ice formation was a problem of the past.
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Rural water systems across the United States face a range of challenges in maintaining water quality in their distribution systems. Unlike large municipal systems, rural water systems often have a distribution network that is spread out over many miles. This can result in high water age and low disinfectant residual in parts of their system.
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In the water distribution system, cold weather can create a risk that is hidden from view: ice accumulation inside water storage tanks. Often, when operators realize they have a problem with ice in their tanks, it is too late—the tank’s interior is damaged or the wall is punctured.
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Posttreatment aeration inside water storage tanks can be used as a cost-effective option to strip trihalomethanes from finished water. This paper explores how different design variables affect THM removal rates for diffused aeration and spray aeration systems.
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Across California and Nevada, implementation of the Stage 2 D/DBP Rule is spurring utilities to explore a range of strategies for improving water quality in their water systems.
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Mixing in potable water storage tanks is increasingly recognized as an important factor in improving water quality and protecting tank assets. Thorough mixing eliminates thermal stratification and ensures uniform conditions in tanks, which has been shown to lower overall disinfectant residual demand and reduce the risk of nitrification.
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With the arrival of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule in 2006, water utilities began examining options to achieve compliance. Much of the attention has focused on ways of lowering organic matter concentrations at water treatment plants. Fortunately, distribution system O&M strategies often can be implemented quickly and inexpensively.
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The Stage 2 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule is presenting tough choice for many water system managers. While some operators have used aeration to reduce Trihalomethanes in storage tanks in the past, it has produced encouraging but inconsistent findings. Now, a Texas utility is using PAX Water's in-tank THM removal system (TRS) with good results.
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For most U.S. distribution systems using chloramination, nitrification is a leading water quality concern. However, by combining active mixing with regular tank maintenance and efficient operation, nitrification can be tamed in even the most challenging climates.
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A Maine utility uses active mixing to cope with storage tank stratification caused by widely varying seasonal temperatures. Using a PAX Water Mixer, the utility was able to solve residual loss in the hot summer months and prevent ice damage in cold winter months.
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Jason Oppenheimer and Peter S. Fiske of PAX Water discuss how active mixing in water storage tanks prevents water quality deterioration from spreading to the distribution system, eliminates the need for flushing and enhances operational efficiency by preventing thermal stratification and ensuring uniform distribution of disinfectants.
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PAX Water CEO Peter Fiske discusses the pitfalls of ice damage in water tanks and explains how active mixing can be used as an ice prevention tool. Dr. Fiske points to real world examples of utilities using mixing to safeguard storage tanks, including Dawson Creek, British Columbia and Anchorage, Alaska.
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